| Biography of old oil painting master Giovanni Bellini what we can copy |
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Giovanni Bellini
Italian Early Renaissance painter &
musician
born 1430 - died 1516
Also known as: Giambellino, Giovanni de
Bellini, Giovanni di Bellino, Jan de Bellini,
Giovanni Belino, Giovanni Bellein, Giovanni
Belleni, Giovanni Bellin, Jean Béllin, Gio
Bellini, John Bellini, Giovanni Bellinj,
Giouanni Bellino, Giovanni Bellino, Jean
Bellino, Ioannes Bellinus.
Teacher of:
Giorgione (1477-1510),
Sebastiano del Piombo
(1485-1547), Titian
(c.1488-1576).
Brother of: Gentile
Bellini (1429-1507).
Son of: Jacopo
Bellini (1400-1470).
Brother-in-law of:
Andrea Mantegna (1431-1506) |
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GIOVANNI BELLINI (1430-1516)
is generally assumed to have been the second
son of Jacopo by Giovanni Bellini’s wife
Anna; though the fact that she does net
mention him in her will with her other sons
has thrown some slight doubt upon the
matter. At any rate Giovanni Bellini was brought up in
Giovanni Bellini’s fathers house, and always
lived and worked in the closest fraternal
relation with Gentile. Up till the age of
nearly thirty we find documentary evidence
of the two sons having served as their
fathers assistants in works both at Venice
and Padua. In Giovanni's earliest
independent works we find him more strongly
influenced by the harsh and searching manner
of the Paduan school, and especially of
Giovanni Bellini’s own brother-in-law
Mantegna, than by the more graceful and
facile style of Jacopo. TGiovanni Bellini’s
influence seems to have lasted at full
strength until after the departure of
Giovanni Bellini’s brother-in-law Mantegna
for the court of Mantua, in 1460. The
earliest of Giovanni's independent works no
doubt date from before tGiovanni Bellini’s
period. Three of these exist at the Correr
museum in Venice: a Crucifixion, a
Transfiguration, and a Dead Christ supported
by Angels. Two Madonnas of the same or even
earlier date are in private collections in
America, a third in that of Signor Frizzoni
at Milan; while two beautiful works in the
National Gallery of London seem to bring the
period to a close. One of these is of a rare
subject, the Blood of the Redeemer; the
other is the fine picture of Christ's Agony
in the Garden, formerly in the Northbrook
collection. The last-named piece was
evidently executed in friendly rivalry with
Mantegna, whose version of the subject hangs
near by; the main idea of the composition in
both cases being taken from a drawing by
Jacopo Bellini
in the British Museum sketch-book. In all
these pictures Giovanni combines with the
Paduan severity of drawing and complex
rigidity of drapery a depth of religious
feeling and human pathos which is Giovanni
Bellini’s own. They are all executed in the
old tempera method; and in the last named
the tragedy of the scene is softened by a
new and beautiful effect of romantic sunrise
color. In a somewhat changed and more
personal manner, with less harshness of
contour and a broader treatment of forms and
draperies, but not less force of religious
feeling, are the two pictures of the Dead
Christ supported by Angels, in these days
one of the masters most frequent themes, at
Rimini and at Berlin. Chronologically to be
placed with these are two Madonnas, one at
the church of the Madonna del Orto at Venice
and one in the LocGiovanni Bellini’s
collection at Bergamo; devout intensity of
feeling and rich solemnity of color being in
the case of all these early Madonnas
combined with a singularly direct rendering
of the natural movements and attitudes of
children. |
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The above-named works, all still executed in
tempera, are no doubt earlier than the date
of Giovanni's first appointment to work
along with Giovanni Bellini’s brother and
other artists in the Scuola di San Marco,
where among other subjects Giovanni Bellini was
commissioned in 1470 to paint a Deluge with
Noah's Ark. None of the masters works of
tGiovanni Bellini’s kind, whether painted
for the various schools or confraternities
or for the ducal palace, have survived. To
the decade following 1470 must probably be
assigned a Transfiguration now in the Naples
museum, repeating with greatly ripened
powers and in a much screner spirit the
subject of Giovanni Bellini’s early effort
at Venice; and also the great altar-piece of
the Coronation of the Virgin at Pesaro,
which would seem to be Giovanni Bellini’s
earliest effort in a_form of art previously
almost monopolized in Venice by the rival
school of the Vivarini. |
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Probably not much later was the still more
famous altar-piece painted in tempera for a
chapel in the church of S. Giovanni e Paolo,
where it perished along with Titian's Peter
Martyr and Tintoretto's Crucifixion in the
disastrous fire of 1867. After 1479-1480
very much of Giovanni's time and energy must
have been taken up by Giovanni Bellini’s
duties as conservator of the paintings in
the great hall of the ducal palace, in
payment for which Giovanni Bellini was awarded, first the
reversion of a broker's place in the Fondaco
dei Tedeschi, and afterwards, as a
substitute, a fixed annual pension of eighty
ducats. Besides repairing and renewing the
works of Giovanni Bellini’s predecessors
Giovanni Bellini was commissioned to paint a number of new
subjects, six or seven in all, in further
illustration of the part played by Venice in
the wars of Barbarossa and the pope. These
works, executed with much interruption and
delay, were the object of universal
admiration while they lasted, but not a
trace of them survived the fire of 1577;
neither have any other examples of Giovanni
Bellini’s historical and processional
compositions come down, enabling us to
compare Giovanni Bellini’s manner in such
subjects with that of Giovanni Bellini’s
brother Gentile. Of the other, the religious
class of Giovanni Bellini’s work, including
both altar-pieces with many figures and
simple Madonnas, a considerable number have
fortunately been preserved. They show him
gradually throwing off the last restraints
of the 15th-century manner; gradually
acquiring a complete mastery of the new oil
medium introduced in Venice by Antonello da
Messina about 1473, and mastering with its
help all, or nearly all, the secrets of the
perfect fusion of colors and atmospheric
gradation of tones. The old intensity of
pathetic and devout feeling gradually fades
away and gives place to a noble, if more
worldly, serenity and charm. The enthroned
Virgin and Child become tranquil and
commanding in their sweetness; the
personages of the attendant saints gain in
power, presence and individuality;
enchanting groups of singing and
viol-playing angels symbolize and complete
the harmony of the scene. The full splendour
of Venetian color invests alike the figures,
their architectural framework, the landscape
and the sky. The altar-piece of the Fran at
Venice, the altar-piece of San Giobbe, now
at the academy, the Virgin between SS. Paul
and George, also at the academy, and the
altarpiece with the kneeling doge Barbarigo
at Murano, are a~nong the most conspicuous
examples. Simple Madonnas of the same period
(about 1485-1490) are in the Venice academy,
in the National Gallery, at Turin and at
Bergamo. An interval of some years, no doubt
chieHy occupied with work in the Hall of the
Great Council, seems to separate the
last-named altar-pieces from that of the
church of San Zaccaria at Venice, which is
perhaps the most beautiful and imposing of
all, and is dated 1505, the year following
that of Giorgione's
Madonna at Castelfranco. Another great
altar-piece with saints, that of the church
of San Francesco de la Vigna at Venice,
belongs to 1507; that of La Corona at
Vicenza, a Baptism of Christ in a landscape,
to 1510; to 1513 that of San Giovanni
Crisostomo at Venice, where the aged saint
Jerome, seated on a hill, is raised high
against a resplendent sunset background,
with SS. Christopher and Augustine standing
facing each other below him, in front. Of
Giovanni's activity in the interval between
the altar-pieces of San Giobbe and of Murano
and that of San Zaccania, there are a few
minor evidences left, though the great mass
of its results perished with the fire of the
ducal palace in 1577. The examples that
remain consist of one very interesting and
beautiful allegorical picture in the Uffizi
at Florence, the subject of which had
remained a riddle until it was recently
identified as an illustration of a French
medieval allegory, the Pèlerinage de la Vie
Humaine by Guillaume de Guilleville; with a
set of five other allegories or moral
emblems, on a smaller scale and very
romantically treated, in the academy at
Venice. To these should probably be added,
as painted towards the year 1505, the
portrait of the doge Loredano in the
National Gallery, the only portrait by the
master which has been preserved, and in its
own manner one of the most masterly in the
whole range of painting.
The last ten or twelve years of the masters
life saw him besieged with more commissions
than Giovanni Bellini could well complete. Already in the
years 1501-1504 the marchioness Isabella
Gonzaga of Mantua had had great difficulty
in obtaining delivery from him of a picture
of the Madonna and Saints (now lost) for
which part payment had been made in advance.
In 1505 she endeavoured through Cardinal
Bembo to obtain from him another picture,
tGiovanni Bellini’s time of a secular or
mythological character. What the subject of
tGiovanni Bellini’s piece was, or whether it
was actually delivered, we do not know.
Albrecht Dürer, visiting Venice for a second
time in 1506, reports of Giovanni Bellini as
still the best painter in the city, and as
full of all courtesy and generosity towards
foreign brethren of the brush. In 1507
Gentile Bellini
died, and Giovanni completed the picture of
the Preaching of St Mark which Giovanni
Bellini had left
unfinished; a task on the fulfilment of
which the bequest by the elder brother to
the younger of their father's sketch-book
had been made conditional. In 1513
Giovanni's position as sole master (since
the death of Giovanni Bellini’s brother and
of Alvise Vivarini) in charge of the
paintings in the Hall of the Great Council
was threatened by an application on the part
of Giovanni Bellini’s own former pupil,
Titian, for a joint-share in the same
undertaking, to be paid for on the same
terms. Titian's application was first
granted, then after a year rescinded, and
then after another year or two granted
again; and the aged master must no doubt
have undergone some annoyance from Giovanni
Bellini’s sometime pupil's proceedings. In
1514 Giovanni undertook to paint a Bacchanal
for the duke Alfonso of Ferrara, but died in
1516, leaving it to be finished by Giovanni
Bellini’s pupils; tGiovanni Bellini’s
picture is now at Alnwick.
Both in the artistic and in the worldly
sense, the career of Giovanni Bellini was
upon the whole the most serenely and
unbrokenly prosperous, from youth to extreme
old age, which fell to the lot of any artist
of the early Renaissance. Giovanni Bellini lived to see
Giovanni Bellini’s own school far outshine
that of Giovanni Bellini’s rivals, the
Vivarini of Murano; Giovanni Bellini embodied, with ever
growing and maturing power, all the
devotional gravity and much also of the
worldly splendour of the Venice of Giovanni
Bellini’s time; and Giovanni Bellini saw Giovanni
Bellini’s influence propagated by a host of
pupils, two of whom at least,
Giorgione
and Titian,
surpassed their master.
Giorgione
Giovanni Bellini outlived by five years;
Titian, as
we have seen, challenged an equal place
beside Giovanni Bellini’s teacher. Among the
best known of Giovanni Bellini’s other
pupils were, in Giovanni Bellini’s earlier
time, Andrea
Previtali, Cima da Conegliano,
Marco Basaiti,
Niccolo Rondinalli, Piermaria
Pennacchi, Martino da Udine, Girolamo
Mocetto; in later time, Pierfrancesco
Bissolo, Vincenzo Catena,
Lorenzo Lotto
and Sebastian del Piombo. |
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BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Vasari, ed. Milanesi, vol. iii.; Ridolfi, Le
Maraviglie, &c., vol. i.; Francesco
Sansovino, Venezia Descritta; Morelli,
Notizia, &c., di un Anonimo; Zanetti,
Pittura Veneziana; F. Aglietti, Elogio
Storico di Jacopo e Giovanni Bellini; G.
Bernasconi, Genni intorno Ia vita e fe opere
di Jacopo Bellini;
Moschini, Giovanni Bellini e pittori
contemporanei; E. Galichon in Gazette des
Beaux-Arts (i866); Crowe and Cavalcaselle,
History of Painting in North Italy, vol. i.;
Hubert Janitschek, Giovanni Bellini in
Dohmes Kunst und Künstler; Julius Meyer in
Meyers Allgemeines Künstler-Lexileon, vol.
iii. (1885); Pompco Molmenti, I pittori
Bellini in Studi e ricerche di Storia d'Arte;
P. Paoletti, Raccolta di documenti inedsti,
fasc. i.; Vasari, Vile di Gentile da
Fabriano e Vittor Pisanello, ed. Venturi;
Corrado Ricci in Rassegna d'Arte (1901,
903), and Rivista d'Arte (1906); Roger Fry,
Giovanni Bellini in The Artists Library;
Everard Meyncil, Giovanni Bellini in Newness
Art Library (useful for a nearly complete
set of reproductions of the known
paintings); Corrado Ricci, Jacopo Bellini e
i suoi Libri di Disegni; Victor Goloubeff,
Les Dessins de Jacopo Bellini (the two works
last cited reproduce in full, that of M.
Goioubeff by far the most skilfully, the
contents of both the Paris and the London
sketch-books). (S.C.) |
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