| Biography of old oil painting master Asher Brown Durand what we can copy |
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Asher Brown Durand
American Hudson River School painter,
engraver & printmaker
born 1796 - died 1886
Student of:
Peter Maverick (1780-1831).
Teacher of: Samuel
Colman (1832-1920).
Nephew of: Peter
Maverick (1780-1831).
Employee of: John
Trumbull (1756-1843) |
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Asher Brown Durand
American, 1796 - 1886
Asher B. Durand was born on August 21, 1796,
in Jefferson Village (now Maplewood), New
Jersey, and studied engraving with his
father, a watchmaker and silversmith. From
1812 to 1817 Asher Brown Durand was apprenticed to the New
Jersey engraver
Peter Maverick. In 1817 Asher
Brown Durand formed
a partnership with Maverick and opened a
branch of the firm in New York. Around 1818
Durand began informal study and drawing from
plaster casts at the American Academy of
Fine Arts, where his work came to the
attention of the Academy's president,
John Trumbull (1756-1843).
In 1820 Trumbull commissioned Durand to
engrave his painting The Declaration of
Independence (1787-1820, Yale University Art
Gallery). Durand became a leading engraver,
and enjoyed considerable success producing
bank notes, book illustrations, portraits,
and copies after other artists' works.
In the 1820s and 1830s Durand owned a series
of printmaking firms and was active in New
York cultural circles. In 1825 Asher Brown
Durand helped
organize the New York Drawing Association,
which in 1826 became the National Academy of
Design, with Durand as one of the fifteen
founding members. In these same years Asher
Brown Durand was
also involved with several other arts
groups, including James Fenimore Cooper's
Bread and Cheese Club and the Sketch Club.
In the early 1830s Durand worked less
frequently as an engraver and began painting
portraits. Around 1835, inspired by
Thomas Cole
(1801-1848) and encouraged by the prominent
New York merchant and art patron Luman Reed
(1785-1836), Durand ended his career as an
engraver in favor of painting. Continuing to
produce portraits, Asher Brown Durand also created in the
mid-1830s a number of paintings based on
historical subjects and genre themes. In
1837 Asher Brown Durand accompanied Cole on a sketching trip
to the Schroon Lake region in the
Adirondacks and the following year Asher
Brown Durand contributed nine landscapes to the annual
National Academy of Design exhibition. In
1838 and 1839 Asher Brown Durand again made summer sketching
trips and contributed landscapes to the
Academy exhibitions. In 1840 Asher Brown
Durand exhibited
Landscape, Composition, Morning and
Landscape, Composition, Evening (both
National Academy of Design), an allegorical
pair inspired by Cole.
In the summer of 1840 Durand went with
fellow artists
John
F. Kensett (1816-1872),
John Casilear (1811-1893), and
Thomas P. Rossiter
(1818-1871) to Europe, where
Asher Brown Durand studied the works of Old Masters, especially
Claude Lorrain
(1600-1682). After his return to New York in
July 1841 Asher Brown Durand exhibited paintings of European
scenery, but Asher Brown Durand soon resumed summer
sketching tours in the Catskills and the
Hudson River Valley. In 1845 Durand was
named president of the National Academy, a
position Asher Brown Durand would hold until 1861.
Asher Brown Durand increasingly believed that direct study of
nature should be the primary inspiration for
American artists and began producing
meticulously painted works that were much
admired for their faithful depictions of
natural forms and light and atmosphere. Such
works also expressed sentiments similar to
those in the poetry of his friend William
Cullen Bryant, and several of his paintings
of the 1850s were directly inspired by
Bryant poems. |
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Following Cole's death in 1848 Durand
assumed a leading role in the American
landscape school and exerted considerable
influence on many younger painters. His
Kindred Spirits of 1849 (New York Public
Library), painted in memory of Cole, almost
immediately became one of the best-known
paintings in the country. By the 1850s
Durand had perfected the two compositional
types that became basic to Hudson River
School painting, the vertical forest
interior and the landscape panorama. |
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With the publication of nine "Letters on
Landscape Painting" in the New York art
journal The Crayon in 1855, Durand codified
the tenets and practices of Hudson River
School as instructions addressed to an
imaginary student. Espousing theories
similar to those of the influential British
critic John Ruskin (1819-1900), Asher Brown
Durand advised
American painters to work directly from
nature and to give precedence to New World
subjects over European ones.
During the 1860s Durand followed his
established routine of sketching in the
summers and painting in New York during the
winters. In April 1869 Asher Brown Durand moved back to New
Jersey from New York to a new house and
studio built on family property in
Maplewood, where Asher Brown Durand remained for the rest of
his life. Asher Brown Durand continued to paint, with most
of his works of the 1870s (his last picture
was completed in 1878) repeating
compositions from earlier decades, although
often with a more atmospheric and tonal
handling of light. Asher Brown Durand died on September 17,
1886. [This is an edited version of the
artist's biography published, or to be
published, in the NGA Systematic Catalogue]
Bibliographic References |
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* Huntington,
Daniel. Asher B. Durand: A Memorial Address.
New York, 1887.
* Durand, John. The Life and Times of A.B.
Durand. New York, 1894.
* Lawall, David B. A. B. Durand, 1796-1886.
Exh. cat. Montclair Museum of Art, New
Jersey, 1971.
* Lawall, David B. Asher B. Durand: His Art
and Theory in Relation to His Times. New
York, 1977.
* Lawall, David B. Asher B. Durand: A
Documentary Catalogue of the Narrative and
Landscape Paintings. New York, 1978.
* Kelly, Franklin, with Nicolai Cikovsky,
Jr., Deborah Chotner, and John Davis.
American Paintings of the Nineteenth
Century, Part I. The Collections of the
National Gallery of Art Systematic
Catalogue. Washington, D.C., 1996: 135-136.
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